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Phytochemical analysis of green-branch bark extract and the brown gum exudates “kinos” from Eucalyptus camaldulensis by HPLC and GC–MS with their antifungal activity
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  • Published: 23 February 2026

Phytochemical analysis of green-branch bark extract and the brown gum exudates “kinos” from Eucalyptus camaldulensis by HPLC and GC–MS with their antifungal activity

  • Mohamed Z. M. Salem1,
  • Mohammed A. A. Elshaer2,
  • Abeer A. Mohamed3,
  • Mohamed A. M. Abd-Elraheem2,
  • Waled Abd-Elhamed4 &
  • …
  • Tartil M. Emam5 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Biochemistry
  • Biological techniques
  • Biotechnology
  • Drug discovery
  • Microbiology
  • Plant sciences

Abstract

Eucalyptus has been utilized in traditional Australian medicines for the treatment of various ailments and is also used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Eucalyptus contains an important source of key bioactive volatile and nonvolatile compounds. With the increasing research interest in Eucalyptus extracts and their health properties as an eco-friendly treatment, the green-branch bark extract (GBE) and the brown gum exudates, known as “kinos,” from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. grown in Egypt, were used as biofungicide agents applied to Pinus halepensis Mill. wood samples. The phytochemicals were analyzed using the chromatographic tools, HPLC and GC–MS. These extracts at concentrations of 125, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL were further tested for their antifungal activity against Fusarium circinatum and Pythium tardicrescens, which were isolated from the diseased roots of Pinus halepensis. HPLC analysis of GBE revealed that kaempferol (14043.15 µg/g extract), gallic acid (7021.37 µg/g extract), and ellagic acid (4983.92 µg/g extract) were the major compounds. In the kinos, the main compounds were chlorogenic acid (12511.35 µg/g extract), gallic acid (12443.92 µg/g extract), ellagic acid (8147.54 µg/g extract), and rutin (2025.87 µg/g extract). By the GC–MS, p-cymene (31.91%), spathulenol (26.56%), and crypton (11.60%) were detected as primary compounds in the GBE. In the kinos, the abundant identified compounds by GC–MS were spathulenol (19.61%), isoaromadendrene epoxide (9.13%), α-acorenol (4.71%), and patchoulane (4.68%). Both GBE and kinos showed potential antifungal activity at 1000 µg/mL, inhibiting F. circinatum growth with fungal inhibition percentage (FIP) values of 71.85% and 71.11%, respectively. The GBE at 1000 and 500 µg/mL exhibited the highest antifungal effects against P. tardicrescens, with FIP values of 39.62% and 35.55%, respectively. The primary uniqueness of research into green-branch bark extracts and kinos from Eucalyptus camaldulensis comes from the growing global problem of antifungal resistance and the pressing need to identify specific bioactive chemicals for innovative development and investigate their application in environmentally friendly wood-biofungicide applications.

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to appreciate the scientific cooperation between the members of work from Alexandria University, Al-Azhar University, Ain Shams University, and the Agriculture Research Center. The authors would like to thank Dr. Mervat EL-Hefny (Department of Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture and Garden Design, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt) for providing the Eucalyptus botanical samples.

Funding

Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt

    Mohamed Z. M. Salem

  2. Agriculture Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Sadat, Egypt

    Mohammed A. A. Elshaer & Mohamed A. M. Abd-Elraheem

  3. Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Plant Pathology Research Institute, Alexandria, 21616, Egypt

    Abeer A. Mohamed

  4. Agriculture Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11823, Egypt

    Waled Abd-Elhamed

  5. Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Tartil M. Emam

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  1. Mohamed Z. M. Salem
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  2. Mohammed A. A. Elshaer
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Contributions

M.Z.M.S., M.A.A.E., A.A.M., M.A.M.A.-E., and W.A.-E., formal analysis and methodology, M.Z.M.S., M.A.A.E., A.A.M., M.A.M.A.-E., W.A.-E., and T.M.E., carried out the experimental work; all authors investigated the results. All authors have set up the ideas of the research, prepared the figures and tables, and shared them in writing and reviewing the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mohamed Z. M. Salem.

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Salem, M.Z.M., Elshaer, M.A.A., Mohamed, A.A. et al. Phytochemical analysis of green-branch bark extract and the brown gum exudates “kinos” from Eucalyptus camaldulensis by HPLC and GC–MS with their antifungal activity. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38109-2

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  • Received: 29 November 2025

  • Accepted: 29 January 2026

  • Published: 23 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38109-2

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Keywords

  • Kinos
  • Eucalyptus camaldulensis
  • Antifungal activity
  • Phenolics
  • Flavoinods
  • Volatile compounds
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