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Camellia sinensis-synthesized silver nanoparticles and meropenem combination against extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
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  • Published: 20 February 2026

Camellia sinensis-synthesized silver nanoparticles and meropenem combination against extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

  • Eman M. Elmasry1,
  • Essraa Hegazy2,
  • Ghadir S. El-Housseiny3 &
  • …
  • Khaled M. Aboshanab  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7608-850X3 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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Subjects

  • Biotechnology
  • Drug discovery
  • Microbiology

Abstract

New strategies against antimicrobial resistance are urgently needed to address the challenges and health consequences posed by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) clinical isolates. This study explored how effective the green-synthesized silver nanoparticles alone or in combination with meropenem are in combating XDR Klebsiella pneumoniae. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) isolates were collected from several clinical labs and identified. After carrying out antimicrobial susceptibility testing, XDR isolates were selected for genotypic analysis using ERIC-PCR, and antibiotic resistance genes were identified. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a Camellia sinensis (green tea) extract and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Particle size analysis was conducted to determine the physicochemical properties of the synthesized AgNPs. The AgNPs antibacterial effect alone or in combination with meropenem was carried out using the agar-well diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) were determined. Of the collected isolates, 67 were identified as K. pneumoniae, and 92.5% were considered XDR. Results showed that 10 (14.9%) and 57 (85.1%) isolates exhibited MAR index from 0.58 to 0.74, and 0.79-1.00, respectively. Upon genotypic analysis, 29 isolates were selected for further studies based on their unique or significant clustering patterns. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against XDR K. pneumoniae strains, with inhibition zones ranging from 10 mm to 25 mm. The MIC of AgNPs ranged from 336.17 to 672.35 µg/mL. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) proved enhanced antimicrobial activity with partial (34.5%) and complete synergistic (65.5%) effects in the tested 29 nonclonal clinical isolates when AgNPs were combined with meropenem. In conclusion, a combination of AgNPs with meropenem is a useful alternative approach in combating XDR K. pneumoniae. Further studies are recommended for the use of this approach in clinical settings based on its benefits to enhance treatment outcomes.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and supplementary file.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the open-access funding provided by the Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with the Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) and Springer Nature’s transformative agreement.

Funding

Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Cancer Institute, Fom El-Khalig, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt

    Eman M. Elmasry

  2. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

    Essraa Hegazy

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt

    Ghadir S. El-Housseiny & Khaled M. Aboshanab

Authors
  1. Eman M. Elmasry
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  2. Essraa Hegazy
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Contributions

Conceptualization, EME, EH, GSH, and KMA; methodology, EME, and EH; validation, E GSH, and KMA; analysis, GSH, and KMA; investigation, EME, EH, GSH, and KMA; writing-original draft preparation, EME, and EH; writing-review and editing, GSH, and KMA; supervision, EH, GSH, and KMA. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Khaled M. Aboshanab.

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Ethics approval

The study was approved by the Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University Research Ethics Committee (ACUC-FP-ASU RHDIRB2020110301, REC# 402), with the waiving of the patient consent since there was no patient contact and the isolates were obtained from unidentified clinical specimens discharged from the general microbiology diagnostic laboratory of the hospital. All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki/.

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Elmasry, E.M., Hegazy, E., El-Housseiny, G.S. et al. Camellia sinensis-synthesized silver nanoparticles and meropenem combination against extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38375-0

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  • Received: 29 October 2025

  • Accepted: 29 January 2026

  • Published: 20 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38375-0

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Keywords

  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Silver nanoparticles
  • Meropenem
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Synergism
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