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Investigating synergistic effects in Co-prolysis of groundnut shell and waste tyres on product distribution under different blend ratios
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  • Published: 26 February 2026

Investigating synergistic effects in Co-prolysis of groundnut shell and waste tyres on product distribution under different blend ratios

  • M. Anusuya1,
  • P. Suresh Kumar2,
  • D. Ommurugadhasan3,
  • Murugesan Palaniappan4,
  • J. Megala5,
  • Sivakumar Karthikeyan6,
  • I. Paul Theophilus Rajakumar7,
  • S. Dhivya8 &
  • …
  • Kibrom Menasbo Hadish9 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Chemistry
  • Energy science and technology
  • Engineering
  • Environmental sciences
  • Materials science

Abstract

Amid the projected depletion of petroleum products and the severe environmental challenges, this study addresses the urgent need for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels by investigating co-pyrolysis as a means to valorize two different wastes. Groundnut shell and scrap tyres were individually pyrolyzed at 350–600 °C, while co-pyrolysis was conducted at an optimal temperature of 500 °C using tyre blend ratios of 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 80%. Product yields, synergistic effects and properties of bio-oil, char, and gas were systematically evaluated. Individual groundnut shell pyrolysis favored high CO2 and oxygenated liquids with moderate heating value, whereas tyre pyrolysis produced hydrogen- and hydrocarbon-rich gases, carbon-dense char, and high-calorific oil. Co-pyrolysis demonstrated clear synergistic interactions, particularly at 40% tyre blending, yielding improved liquid fuel with higher calorific value, reduced oxygen content, and intermediate density and viscosity compared to the individual feedstocks. Co-pyrolysis char exhibited enhanced fixed carbon and reduced sulphur relative to tyre char alone, while gas fractions showed increased H2 and CH4 with lower CO2 than biomass pyrolysis. These improvements arise from complementary radical interactions and synergistic behavior of volatiles between the feedstocks. The results demonstrate that co-pyrolysis effectively optimizes product quality and energy potential, providing a sustainable pathway for simultaneous waste valorization, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and renewable biofuel production in a circular economy framework.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Indra Ganesan College of Engineering, Tiruchirappalli, 620012, Tamil Nadu, India

    M. Anusuya

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, R. V. R & J. C. College of Engineering, Guntur, 522019, Andhra Pradesh, India

    P. Suresh Kumar

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, St Anne’s College of Engineering and Technology, Panruti, 607106, Tamil Nadu, India

    D. Ommurugadhasan

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11432, Saudi Arabia

    Murugesan Palaniappan

  5. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, S.A. Engineering College, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India

    J. Megala

  6. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Academy of Maritime Education and Training (AMET), Chennai, 603112, Tamil Nadu, India

    Sivakumar Karthikeyan

  7. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai, 600123, Tamil Nadu, India

    I. Paul Theophilus Rajakumar

  8. Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India

    S. Dhivya

  9. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Arba Minch Institute of Technology, Arba Minch University, PO Box 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

    Kibrom Menasbo Hadish

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  1. M. Anusuya
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  2. P. Suresh Kumar
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Contributions

M.A conceptualized the study, P.S.K did Data Curation, D.O and M.P did Formal analysis, J.M and S.K Investigated the study, L.P.T.R and S.D supervised the project and K.M.H prepared the draft.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kibrom Menasbo Hadish.

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Anusuya, M., Kumar, P.S., Ommurugadhasan, D. et al. Investigating synergistic effects in Co-prolysis of groundnut shell and waste tyres on product distribution under different blend ratios. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38993-8

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  • Received: 01 December 2025

  • Accepted: 02 February 2026

  • Published: 26 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38993-8

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Keywords

  • Co-pyrolysis
  • Lignocellulosic biomass
  • Waste tyres
  • Synergistic analysis
  • Biofuel
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