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Silk fibroin-coated resveratrol solid lipid nanoparticles for diabetic wound healing
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  • Published: 12 February 2026

Silk fibroin-coated resveratrol solid lipid nanoparticles for diabetic wound healing

  • Subhasri Bogadi1,
  • Mohamed Rahamathulla2,
  • Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2057-34231,
  • Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy1,
  • Ali Alamri2,
  • Yahya Alhamhoom2,
  • Syeda Ayesha Farhana3,
  • Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed4 &
  • …
  • Ismail Pasha  ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0005-2579-40325 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Biochemistry
  • Biotechnology
  • Drug discovery
  • Materials science
  • Nanoscience and technology

Abstract

Diabetic wounds remain a major clinical challenge due to delayed healing, persistent inflammation, and limited efficacy of existing therapies. Resveratrol possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties but is restricted by poor solubility and rapid degradation. This study developed silk fibroin-coated resveratrol solid lipid nanoparticles (SF-RSLNs) to enhance resveratrol stability, provide controlled release, and improve therapeutic performance in diabetic wound healing. SF-RSLNs were fabricated using a microemulsion technique and optimized through a Box–Behnken design. The optimized nanoparticles exhibited a mean particle size of 222.1 nm, zeta potential of − 32 mV, entrapment efficiency of 85.7%, and drug loading of 10.2%. Characterization was performed using FTIR, SEM, and DLS analyses. In-vitro assessments included cytotoxicity (MTT), antioxidant activity (DPPH and ROS scavenging), antibacterial activity, scratch-wound healing, anti-inflammatory assays, and hemocompatibility evaluation. SF-RSLNs demonstrated sustained drug release (∼75% over 48 h), enhanced antioxidant activity (85% DPPH scavenging at 40 µg/mL), and significant wound closure (90% at 48 h). Antibacterial activity was improved, with inhibition zones of 18 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and 20 mm against Escherichia coli. SF-RSLNs also reduced TNF-α levels by 65% and increased IL-10 levels by 50%, while exhibiting excellent hemocompatibility. These findings indicate that SF-RSLNs serve as a multifunctional nanocarrier capable of enhancing resveratrol delivery and accelerating diabetic wound repair.

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Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through the Large Research Program under grant number RGP2/233/46. The authors would like to thank the Department of Science and Technology—Fund for Improvement of Science and Technology Infrastructure (DST-FIST) and Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence (DST-PURSE) `for the facilities provided for conducting the research.

Funding

The authors, Ms. Bogadi Subhasri, wish to express their gratitude to the Department of Science and Technology (DST-INSPIRE) Fellowship (ID IF200201) application reference no DST/INSPIRE/03/20 21/001920. New Delhi and technically approved by ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) with Fellowship ID 2021–8531. Authors also thank the deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, for funding through the Large Program (grant number RGP-2/233/46)”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India

    Subhasri Bogadi, Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri & Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy

  2. Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Al Faraa, 62223, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamed Rahamathulla, Ali Alamri & Yahya Alhamhoom

  3. Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, 51452, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia

    Syeda Ayesha Farhana

  4. Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed

  5. Department of Pharmacology, Orotta College of Medicine and Health Science, 10549, Asmara, Eritrea

    Ismail Pasha

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Contributions

Subhasri Bogadi: Methodology; Formal Analysis; Investigation, Mohamed Rahamathulla : Conceptualization; Validation; Writing—Review and Editing; Funding Acquisition Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy: Writing—Original Draft Preparation; Project Administration Ali Alamri and Yahya Alhamhoom: Writing—Review and Editing; Visualization Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri: Conceptualization; methodology; Writing—Original Draft Preparation; Supervision, Ismail Pasha and Syeda Ayesha Farhana: Software; Data Curation Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed: Resources; Data Curation.

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Correspondence to Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri or Ismail Pasha.

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Bogadi, S., Rahamathulla, M., Karri, V.V.S.R. et al. Silk fibroin-coated resveratrol solid lipid nanoparticles for diabetic wound healing. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39254-4

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  • Received: 28 November 2025

  • Accepted: 03 February 2026

  • Published: 12 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39254-4

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Keywords

  • Silk fibroin
  • Solid lipid nanoparticles
  • Resveratrol
  • Diabetic wound healing
  • Antioxidant
  • Antibacterial
  • Anti-inflammatory
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