Fig. 5: Spatial–temporal effects of the impact of China’s financial development efficiency on SDGs of BRI participating countries.

a The impact of China’s financial development efficiency on SDGs of BRI participating countries in 2005. b The impact of China’s financial development efficiency on SDGs of BRI participating countries in 2012. c The impact of China’s financial development efficiency on SDGs of BRI participating countries in 2014. d The impact of China’s financial development efficiency on SDGs of BRI participating countries in 2018.