Table 1 Input-output variables in the NDDF model.

From: Does larger scale enhance carbon efficiency? Assessing the impact of corporate size on manufacturing carbon emission efficiency

Type

Element

Corresponding Indicator

Symbol

Unit

Input

Labor input

The average annual number of employees

L

100 million people

Capital input

Capital stock

K

100 million yuan

Energy input

Total energy consumption

E

100 million tons of standard coal

Output

Expected output

Industrial added value

Y

100 million yuan

Undesired output

Carbon dioxide emissions

C

100 million tons