Table 3 Definition of main variables.
Variable | Variable Symbol | Variable Definition |
|---|---|---|
Manufacturing Carbon Emission Efficiency | MCEE | Measured by NDFF model |
Corporate scale | CS | Industrial added value/number of corporate units |
Energy endowment | EE | Total Energy Consumption/Total Labor Force |
Product structure | PS | New product sales revenue/main business revenue |
Market competition | MC | Non-state-owned capital/paid-in capital |
Environmental regulation | ER | Total operating cost of waste water and waste gas/main business income |
R & D investment | RD | R&D investment/industrial added value |
Trade openness | OPEN | Foreign investment and Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan investment/net fixed assets of industrial corporates |
