Table 11 Robustness tests for baseline regression.

From: Ecological footprints, carbon emissions, and energy transitions: the impact of artificial intelligence (AI)

Variables

Diff-GMM

Replacement of AI

Model RL1

Model RL2

Model RL3

Model RL4

Model RL5

Model RL6

lnef

lnce

lnES

lnef

lnce

lnES

lnAI

−0.0032***

−0.0013***

0.0025***

   
 

(0.0002)

(0.0002)

(0.0002)

   

lnai

   

−0.0023***

−0.0017***

0.0026***

    

(0.0003)

(0.0002)

(0.0003)

L.Y

0.2947***

0.8084***

0.9245***

0.8899***

0.8081***

0.9243***

 

(0.0081)

(0.0110)

(0.0022)

(0.0061)

(0.0110)

(0.0022)

lnNRR

0.0308***

0.0191***

−0.0543***

0.0030*

0.0188***

−0.0540***

 

(0.0014)

(0.0013)

(0.0027)

(0.0018)

(0.0013)

(0.0026)

lnURB

−0.0368

−0.0698***

−0.0634

0.1685***

−0.0692***

−0.0600

 

(0.2105)

(0.0218)

(0.0484)

(0.0241)

(0.0216)

(0.0492)

lnGOV

−0.2213***

−0.1383***

0.1205***

−0.1569***

−0.1375***

0.1214***

 

(0.0139)

(0.0097)

(0.0076)

(0.0120)

(0.0096)

(0.0079)

lnED

0.1577***

0.0760***

−0.1843***

0.0097

0.0760***

−0.1792***

 

(0.0225)

(0.0068)

(0.0126)

(0.0065)

(0.0067)

(0.0124)

lnFFE

0.4419***

0.2680***

−0.5796***

−0.0076

0.2676***

−0.5831***

 

(0.0235)

(0.0137)

(0.0318)

(0.0125)

(0.0135)

(0.0315)

lnEUSE

0.1522***

0.0698***

−0.0011

0.0587***

0.0696***

−0.0023

 

(0.0210)

(0.0028)

(0.0027)

(0.0044)

(0.0028)

(0.0027)

Constant

−2.4802***

−1.1917***

4.3109***

−0.4717***

−1.1970***

4.2722***

 

(0.7553)

(0.1161)

(0.2274)

(0.0955)

(0.1144)

(0.2355)

Observations

1675

1742

1742

1742

1742

1742

Number of instruments

105

105

105

105

105

105

Sargan test

0.6806

0.9943

0.9977

0.9945

0.9943

0.9974

AR(2)

0.8209

0.6015

0.4515

0.7024

0.5954

0.4518

  1. Standard errors in parentheses.
  2. ***p < 0.01; *p < 0.1. The p-value of Sargan test and AR test is reported.
Back to article page