Table 3 Descriptive statistics, definitions, and data sources for all variables.
Variables | Obs. | Mean | S.D. | Min | Max | Specification | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lnEF | 1809 | 1.202 | 0.866 | −2.791 | 2.391 | Ecological footprint per capita (gha) | GFN |
lnCE | 1809 | 1.676 | 0.771 | −1.092 | 3.389 | Carbon emission per capita (kg) | WDI |
lnETR | 1809 | 1.962 | 2.397 | −9.210 | 4.359 | Proportion of renewable energy consumption (%) | WDI |
lnAI | 1809 | 0.213 | 8.213 | −9.210 | 13.360 | Industrial robot inventory (stock) | IFR |
lnIS | 1809 | 3.334 | 0.278 | 2.490 | 4.315 | Ratio of value added of the 2nd industry to GDP (%) | WDI |
lnOPEN | 1809 | 4.075 | 0.565 | 2.511 | 5.839 | Trade as a share of GDP (%) | WDI |
lnED | 1809 | 9.354 | 1.165 | 6.328 | 11.390 | GDP per capita (USD) | WDI |
lnEUSE | 1809 | 4.834 | 2.093 | −0.963 | 10.950 | Energy use of oil equivalent per capita (kg) | WDI |
lnFFE | 1809 | 4.314 | 0.326 | 2.328 | 4.605 | Proportion of electricity generation from fossil fuel (%) | WDI |
lnNRR | 1809 | −0.385 | 2.634 | −9.210 | 4.077 | Natural resource rent as a share of GDP (%) | WDI |
lnGOV | 1809 | 2.824 | 0.308 | 1.698 | 3.618 | Government expenditure as a share of GDP (%) | WDI |
lnURB | 1809 | 4.198 | 0.290 | 3.063 | 4.605 | The ratio of urban population to the total population (%) | WDI |
