Table 9 DPTM estimated result with AI as threshold variables.

From: Ecological footprints, carbon emissions, and energy transitions: the impact of artificial intelligence (AI)

Threshold

AI

Dependent variable

EF

CE

 

ETR

Model

Model T7

Model T8

Model T9

Result

Lower estimation

Threshold effect

Lower estimation

Threshold effect

Lower estimation

Threshold effect

L.y

0.2657***

−0.1641*

0.1366***

0.0522

0.8038***

−0.0186

 

(0.0706)

(0.0861)

(0.0265)

(0.1053)

(0.0117)

(0.0133)

lnAI

−0.0005

−0.1401***

0.0007*

−0.0804***

0.0607***

0.0423**

 

(0.0025)

(0.0497)

(0.0004)

(0.0218)

(0.0044)

(0.0188)

lntnrr

0.0768***

−0.1207***

0.0154***

−0.0406***

−0.0321***

−0.0047

 

(0.0120)

(0.0249)

(0.0033)

(0.0145)

(0.0089)

(0.0126)

lnurb

−1.6172**

2.3897***

0.8507**

0.8214***

−0.0008

−0.2824

 

(0.6282)

(0.6627)

(0.3375)

(0.2650)

(0.6469)

(0.1967)

lngov

−0.7814***

−0.3028

0.0118

0.0106

0.3598***

−0.6922***

 

(0.1260)

(0.2633)

(0.0563)

(0.1079)

(0.1107)

(0.1134)

lnpgdp

0.5660***

−0.9165***

0.1795***

−0.5368***

0.1532

−0.7031***

 

(0.1337)

(0.2155)

(0.0448)

(0.1530)

(0.1172)

(0.1080)

lnfes

−0.1310

−0.0672

1.2061***

1.7188***

1.1132***

0.3808

 

(0.2515)

(0.5315)

(0.1431)

(0.2702)

(0.2623)

(0.2744)

lnpeu

−0.5778***

−0.0867

0.3848***

0.1724***

−0.8041***

0.4192***

 

(0.1263)

(0.0830)

(0.0536)

(0.0441)

(0.0822)

(0.0576)

cons

 

1.4421

 

−5.8877***

 

5.3759***

  

(2.3173)

 

(1.2003)

 

(0.9438)

  1. Standard errors are in parentheses.
  2. ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1.
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