Table 2 Estimation results of the benchmark model.

From: Can carbon trading policy boost upgrading and optimization of industrial structure? An empirical study based on data from China

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

SA

SA

SA

SR

SR

SR

treat×post

0.178*** (7.10)

0.202*** (8.65)

0.185*** (7.79)

−0.003 (−1.35)

−0.003 (−1.02)

−0.006** (−2.28)

human

 

0.028*** (6.33)

0.018*** (3.62)

 

0.004*** (7.01)

0.003*** (5.61)

gov

 

−0.002*** (−3.02)

−0.002*** (−3.47)

 

−0.000*** (−3.02)

−0.000* (−1.90)

pgdp

 

0.534*** (21.72)

0.299*** (9.23)

 

−0.020*** (−6.54)

−0.036*** (−10.80)

urban

 

0.032*** (2.72)

0.067*** (4.95)

 

0.002 (1.40)

−0.001 (−0.46)

fdi

 

−0.019*** (−5.88)

−0.017*** (−5.28)

 

0.002*** (4.48)

0.001*** (3.07)

instr

 

0.026*** (12.10)

0.029*** (11.22)

 

0.000 (1.02)

−0.000 (−1.45)

Constant

−0.240*** (−3.52)

−4.880*** (−20.34)

−3.247*** (−10.55)

0.797*** (119.45)

0.988*** (32.93)

1.120*** (35.37)

Individual fixed

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Time fixed

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

N

3015

3015

3015

3015

3015

3015

R2

0.645

0.689

0.696

0.156

0.189

0.201

  1. Note: In parentheses are the statistical values of t for each coefficient, and *, **, and *** represent the significance levels of 10%, 5%, and 1%.