Table 1 Measurement scales.

Performance expectancy

PE1

Using FRP could be useful.

Venkatesh et al. (2003), Lee and Pan (2023a)

PE2

Using FRP increases the quality of the experience of going to the doctor.

PE3

Using FRP makes my payment convenient in smart hospitals.

PE4

Using FRP could increase my productivity.

Effort expectancy

EE1

I would have no difficulty in learning how to use the FRP system in the smart hospital.

Venkatesh et al. (2003), Moriuchi (2021)

EE2

The interaction process with the FRP system in the smart hospital would be straightforward and comprehensible for me.

EE3

I would perceive the FRP system in the smart hospital as user-friendly and easy to navigate.

EE4

Becoming proficient in using the FRP system in the smart hospital would come naturally and easily to me.

Social influence

SI1

Individuals who hold significance in my life would believe that I should utilize the FRP system in smart hospitals.

Venkatesh et al. (2003), Ciftci et al. (2021)

SI2

People who have an impact on my choices and behavior would endorse the use of the FRP system in smart hospitals.

SI3

Those whose opinions I value would express a preference for me to use the FRP system in smart hospitals.

SI4

In general, my social circle and organization are supportive of adopting face-recognition payment methods.

Facilitating conditions

FC1

I have the knowledge necessary to use the FRP in smart hospitals.

Venkatesh et al. (2003), Ciftci et al. (2021)

FC2

The FRP system in smart hospitals is compatible with other technologies I regularly use.

FC3

If I encounter any challenges while using the FRP system in smart hospitals, I can seek assistance from others.

FC4

Obtaining guidance and instruction for any difficulties I may face in using the FRP system is easily accessible to me.

Privacy concerns

PC1

I would be concerned that the hospital is collecting too much information about me.

Ciftci et al. (2021)

PC2

I would question the level of protection provided to safeguard my privacy.

PC3

I would worry about the potential misuse of my biometric information.

PC4

I would have concerns about unauthorized access to my biometric data by unknown individuals or entities.

Perceived risks

PR1

I am worried that some functions of FRP are not perfect, which will cause personal information leakage.

Liu and Tu (2021)

PR2

I am worried about the security aspects of using the FRP system, particularly the risk of financial losses resulting from impersonation or fraudulent activities.

PR3

There is a concern that the service provider of the FRP system might misuse my personal information, leading to financial losses or other negative consequences.

PR4

I am particularly concerned about the potential for my private information stored within the FRP system to be exploited or misused.

Familiarity

FA1

Regarding the smart hospitals that implement FRP, I’m familiar with it.

Ouyang et al. (2020), Shiau et al. (2023)

FA2

Concerning the smart hospitals that offer FRP, I have prior experience with it.

FA3

In relation to the smart hospitals that implement FRP, I possess a substantial understanding of it.

FA4

In regard to the smart hospital that allows using FRP, I am well-informed on the subject.

Trust in FRP

TIF1

I believe the FRP in smart hospitals has integrity.

Morosan (2020)

TIF2

I believe the FRP in smart hospitals is reliable.

TIF3

I believe the FRP in smart hospitals is trustworthy.

TIF4

The smart hospitals offering FRP give me the impression that they keep their promises and commitments.

Personal innovativeness

PI1

I am an early adopter when it comes to new technologies.

Zhong et al. (2021)

PI2

I have a keen interest in experimenting with and exploring new technological advancements.

PI3

I find pleasure in the process of understanding and operating sophisticated high-tech devices.

PI4

Even if none of my friends have tried it before, I would be willing to give FRP a try, driven by my curiosity and openness to new experiences.

Behavioral intention to use FRP

BI1

I am willing to learn and start using face recognition technology in smart hospitals.

Liu and Tu (2021)

BI2

I hope I can use face recognition technology to pay in smart hospitals in the future.

BI3

I would recommend others to pay with face recognition technology in smart hospitals.

BI4

I support payment by face recognition technology in smart hospitals.