Table 6 Cluster analysis based on planned time use: cluster means of clustering, individual planned time use, and profiling variables (N = 108).
Cluster number | I | II | p |
|---|---|---|---|
Cluster name | In-house caregivers | Outdoor leisure spenders | |
Sample size | 62 (57.4%) | 46 (42.6%) | |
Clustering variables | |||
Pl. TU F1 (mean items 2, 4, 5)—Personal development & social contributiona | 3.140 (0.389) | 3.043 (0.431) | 0.227 |
Pl. TU F2 (mean items 7, 9)—Rest & mediaa | 3.565 (0.466) | 3.924 (0.459) | <0.001 |
Pl. TU F3 (mean items 3, 6, 11)—Family & domestic responsibilitiesa | 3.769 (0.425) | 3.667 (0.455) | 0.234 |
Pl. TU F4 (mean items 10, 12)—Entertainment & social engagementa | 3.242 (0.283) | 4.141 (0.292) | <0.001 |
Second job next to my main job (e.g., secondary occupation, flexi-job, platform job) | 2.984 (0.424) | 3.065 (0.250) | 0.249 |
Individual planned time use variables | |||
Volunteering | 3.016 (0.338) | 2.935 (0.490) | 0.310 |
Childcare and parenting | 3.532 (0.671) | 3.261 (0.648) | 0.037 |
Other informal care (e.g., parents, partner, grandchildren) | 3.323 (0.696) | 3.087 (0.590) | 0.066 |
Education (e.g., further education, courses) | 3.081 (0.417) | 3.109 (0.482) | 0.747 |
Household chores | 3.758 (0.534) | 3.674 (0.560) | 0.429 |
Sleeping and resting (including relaxation and doing nothing) | 3.839 (0.632) | 4.152 (0.556) | 0.009 |
Hobbies (including sports, games, recreation) | 3.806 (0.623) | 4.043 (0.515) | 0.038 |
Media (TV, music, reading, internet) | 3.290 (0.524) | 3.696 (0.553) | <0.001 |
Entertainment and culture | 3.097 (0.298) | 3.978 (0.447) | <0.001 |
Spending time with my core family (partner and/or children) | 4.016 (0.614) | 4.065 (0.712) | 0.702 |
Social participation with friends and family (including community life and going out) | 3.387 (0.491) | 4.304 (0.465) | <0.001 |
Trips inland or at less than 200 km from my home | 3.500 (0.565) | 3.935 (0.611) | <0.001 |
Travelling within Europe at more than 200 km from my home | 3.484 (0.620) | 3.870 (0.749) | 0.004 |
Travelling outside of Europe | 3.177 (0.497) | 3.413 (0.777) | 0.058 |
Going to a restaurant | 3.161 (0.413) | 3.543 (0.585) | <0.001 |
Consuming takeaway meals (either picked up or delivered at home) | 2.952 (0.282) | 2.957 (0.419) | 0.942 |
Cooking meals at home | 3.258 (0.441) | 3.609 (0.649) | 0.001 |
Profiling variables | |||
Sex | |||
Male | 26 (41.9%) | 11 (23.9%) | 0.051 |
Female | 36 (58.1%) | 35 (76.1%) | |
Age | 43.435 (9.322) | 38.109 (10.305) | 0.006 |
Personal educational level | |||
Low (max. secondary education) | 7 (11.3%) | 4 (8.7%) | 0.352 |
Medium (higher non-university education) | 30 (48.4%) | 17 (37.0%) | |
High (higher university education) | 25 (40.3%) | 25 (54.3%) | |
Relationship status | |||
Single | 5 (8.1%) | 9 (19.6%) | 0.011 |
Partner but not living together | 2 (3.2%) | 7 (15.2%) | |
Partner and living together | 55 (88.7%) | 30 (65.2%) | |
Number of children living inside the household | |||
0 | 15 (24.2%) | 25 (54.3%) | 0.013 |
1 | 17 (27.4%) | 9 (19.6%) | |
2 | 27 (43.5%) | 10 (21.7%) | |
3 or more | 3 (4.8%) | 2 (4.3%) | |
Age youngest child | 11.038 (8.780) | 12.810 (9.163) | 0.444 |
Household composition | |||
Young single (≤40 yr), no children | 2 (3.2%) | 10 (21.7%) | <0.001 |
Single (all ages), children | 2 (3.2%) | 4 (8.7%) | |
Older single (>40 yr), no children | 3 (4.8%) | 2 (4.3%) | |
Young couple (resp. ≤40 yr), no children | 3 (4.8%) | 11 (23.9%) | |
Couple (all ages), children | 45 (72.6%) | 17 (37.0%) | |
Older couple (resp. >40 yr), no children | 7 (11.3%) | 2 (4.3%) | |
Work schedule | |||
Full-time | 40 (64.5%) | 34 (73.9%) | 0.298 |
Part-time | 22 (35.5%) | 12 (26.1%) | |
Contractual number of weekly working hours | 35.948 (4.454) | 36.848 (3.031) | 0.240 |
Number of standard leave days | 32.500 (5.734) | 33.326 (6.074) | 0.472 |
Personal monthly salary (thousands) | 2.718 (0.555) | 2.522 (0.496) | 0.060 |
Seniority (number of years of work experience in the company) | 13.274 (9.541) | 9.500 (10.387) | 0.053 |
Materialism (mean 9 items) | 2.319 (0.670) | 2.623 (0.620) | 0.018 |
Importance of protecting the environment | |||
Not very important | 4 (6.5%) | 3 (6.5%) | 0.384 |
Somewhat important | 45 (72.6%) | 28 (60.9%) | |
Very important | 13 (21.0%) | 15 (32.6%) | |
Number of environmental actions | |||
Low (0–3) | 17 (27.4%) | 8 (17.4%) | 0.425 |
Medium (4–6) | 34 (54.8%) | 27 (58.7%) | |
High (7–9) | 11 (17.7%) | 11 (23.9%) | |
Travel behaviour: number of trips | |||
At less than 200 km from my home | 2.258 (1.599) | 2.413 (1.543) | 0.614 |
Within Europe (at more than 200 km from my home) by car | 1.306 (1.182) | 1.304 (1.331) | 0.993 |
Within Europe (at more than 200 km from my home) by train or bus | 0.194 (0.507) | 0.391 (1.125) | 0.222 |
Within Europe (at more than 200 km from my home) by plane | 0.645 (0.925) | 0.891 (0.994) | 0.188 |
Outside of Europe by plane | 0.129 (0.461) | 0.174 (0.437) | 0.610 |
