Table 3 Multilevel regressions with random intercept at the classroom level.
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Classroom-level variables | ||||
Average bullying | 20.8*** | 21.1*** | 17.1*** | |
Average student attitudes | 26.4*** | 28.7*** | 27.3*** | |
Average home resources | 81.3*** | 78.2*** | 65.2*** | |
Teacher with a mathematics degree | −7.5** | −9.5** | ||
Teacher formal education | 6.2*** | 5.5** | ||
Teacher gender (female) | −12.4*** | −14.0*** | ||
Index of guided instruction | −5.7*** | |||
Index of independent study | 5.6*** | |||
Emphasis on academic success | 7.8*** | |||
Index of active instruction | 3.1 | |||
In class assessment | −0.5 | |||
Formal assessment | −2.8* | |||
Giving feedback | 0.8 | |||
Homework | −2.6* | |||
Computer based assessment | −3.3*** | |||
Student-level variables | ||||
Within-class effect of bullying | 5.3*** | 5.3*** | 5.3*** | |
Within-class effect of attitudes | 18.3*** | 18.3*** | 18.3*** | |
Within-class effect of home resources | 19.1*** | 19.1*** | 19.1*** | |
Student absences | 7.9*** | 7.9*** | 7.9*** | |
Student gender (female) | −2.6 | −2.4 | −2.5 | |
Constant | 453.8*** | 371.3*** | 359.1*** | 393.5*** |
Variance (classrooms) | 5172.5 | 2818.8 | 2763.3 | 2572.0 |
Variance (students) | 5856.6 | 5163.2 | 5163.5 | 5165.1 |
ICC | 0.469 | 0.353 | 0.349 | 0.332 |
N. of students | 34 193 | 34 193 | 34 193 | 34 193 |
N. of classes | 2 112 | 2 112 | 2 112 | 2 112 |
