Table 4 Results of panel regression analysis.

From: Interrelation between human capital management and ESG engagement: evidence from S&P 500 firms

Variable

Coefficient

Standard errora

p-value

Intercept

2.35

0.820

0.004

Revenue per employee

0.028

0.011

0.012

EBITDA per employee

0.23

0.062

0.011

R&D per employee

0.043

0.017

0.002

% Non-executive employees

1.23

0.330

0.001

% Board gender diversity

0.13

0.212

0.081

% Employee gender diversity

0.03

0.090

0.114

CEO pay ratio

−0.91

0.208

0.045

Employee benefits

0.37

0.091

0.025

Firm size

0.031

0.017

0.067

Firm age

−0.012

0.008

0.141

Firm risk

−1.82

0.670

0.007

Board independence

1.23

0.091

0.131

ROE

0.021

0.028

0.453

ROA

1.92

0.450

0.099

Total sale

0.035

0.039

0.371

Past stock returns

−0.97

0.120

0.003

CEO tenure

0.15

0.062

0.016

CEO tenure × revenue per employee

0.009

0.004

0.023

CEO tenure × EBITDA per employee

0.011

0.005

0.028

CEO tenure × R&D per employee

0.017

0.007

0.015

CEO tenure × % non-executive employees

0.021

0.009

0.02

CEO tenure × % board gender diversity

0.008

0.004

0.045

CEO tenure × % employee gender diversity

0.005

0.002

0.013

CEO tenure × CEO pay ratio

−0.013

0.006

0.031

CEO tenure × employee benefits

0.019

0.008

0.018

Industry controlsb,c

Included

  

Year controlsb

Included

  

Firm controlsb,d

Included

  
  1. aStandard errors clustered at firm level.
  2. bYear/Industry/Firm fixed effects included.
  3. cIndustry controls designated under two-digit SIC codes.
  4. dn = 1827 firm-year observations covering 413 unique firms.