Table 4 Results of panel regression analysis.
From: Interrelation between human capital management and ESG engagement: evidence from S&P 500 firms
Variable | Coefficient | Standard errora | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 2.35 | 0.820 | 0.004 |
Revenue per employee | 0.028 | 0.011 | 0.012 |
EBITDA per employee | 0.23 | 0.062 | 0.011 |
R&D per employee | 0.043 | 0.017 | 0.002 |
% Non-executive employees | 1.23 | 0.330 | 0.001 |
% Board gender diversity | 0.13 | 0.212 | 0.081 |
% Employee gender diversity | 0.03 | 0.090 | 0.114 |
CEO pay ratio | −0.91 | 0.208 | 0.045 |
Employee benefits | 0.37 | 0.091 | 0.025 |
Firm size | 0.031 | 0.017 | 0.067 |
Firm age | −0.012 | 0.008 | 0.141 |
Firm risk | −1.82 | 0.670 | 0.007 |
Board independence | 1.23 | 0.091 | 0.131 |
ROE | 0.021 | 0.028 | 0.453 |
ROA | 1.92 | 0.450 | 0.099 |
Total sale | 0.035 | 0.039 | 0.371 |
Past stock returns | −0.97 | 0.120 | 0.003 |
CEO tenure | 0.15 | 0.062 | 0.016 |
CEO tenure × revenue per employee | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.023 |
CEO tenure × EBITDA per employee | 0.011 | 0.005 | 0.028 |
CEO tenure × R&D per employee | 0.017 | 0.007 | 0.015 |
CEO tenure × % non-executive employees | 0.021 | 0.009 | 0.02 |
CEO tenure × % board gender diversity | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.045 |
CEO tenure × % employee gender diversity | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.013 |
CEO tenure × CEO pay ratio | −0.013 | 0.006 | 0.031 |
CEO tenure × employee benefits | 0.019 | 0.008 | 0.018 |
Industry controlsb,c | Included | ||
Year controlsb | Included | ||
Firm controlsb,d | Included |