Table 4 Analysis and strength of structural model.

From: The effect of environmental ethics and spiritual orientation on firms’ outcomes: the role of senior management orientation and stakeholder pressure

Hypothesis

Beta

t-value

Confidence interval

f2

Decision

Direct effect

  

5%

95%

  

H1a: FEE → SMGO

0.282*

7.366

  

0.094

Supported

H1b: FEE → SMEO

0.267*

10.724

  

0.263

Supported

H2a: SORI → SMGO

0.391*

11.250

  

0.180

Supported

H2b: SORI → SMEO

0.215*

10.591

  

0.158

Supported

H3a: SMGO → SMEO

0.524*

27.958

  

0.933

Supported

H4a: SP → SMGO

0.305*

10.634

  

0.183

Supported

H4b: SP → SMEO

0.131*

5.739

  

0.070

Supported

Indirect effect

      

H3b: FEE → SMGO → SMEO

0.148*

7.841

0.115

0.178

 

Supported

H3c: SORI → SMGO → SMEO

0.205*

9.642

0.171

0.241

 

Supported

H3d: SP → SMGO → SMEO

0.160*

10.668

0.135

0.184

 

Supported

Moderating effect

      

H5c: SP x SMGO → SMEO

−0.093*

4.672

  

0.042

Supported

  1. FEE firm environmental ethics, SORI spiritual orientation, SMGO senior management green orientation, SP stakeholder pressure, SME outcomes small and medium-sized enterprise outcomes.
  2. significance level *P < 0.001.
  3. Q2 = 0.337 (SMGO) and 0.638 (SMEO).
  4. The values in parentheses () represent the p-values.
  5. The values within the circle represent R2.
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