Table 5 MGA using demographics of the industry.

From: The effect of environmental ethics and spiritual orientation on firms’ outcomes: the role of senior management orientation and stakeholder pressure

Relationship

Gender

Age of organization

Size of organization

Role of employees

 

Male – Female

<1 – 1 to 5

<1 – >5

1 to 5 – >5

<50 – 50 to 250

<50 – 251 to 1000

50 to 250–251 to 1000

CEO – Owner

CEO – Senior manager

Owner – Senior manager

FEE → SMGO

0.243 (0.000)

0.114 (0.101)

−0.279 (0.002)

−0.394 (0.001)

−0.087 (0.079)

−0.455 (0.000)

−0.367 (0.008)

−0.202 (0.000)

−0.084 (0.391)

0.118 (0.298)

FEE → SMEO

−0.167 (0.000)

−0.080 (0.041)

−0.130 (0.033)

−0.051 (0.364)

0.277 (0.013)

−0.148 (0.100)

−0.425 (0.007)

0.003 (0.978)

0.042 (0.0624)

0.039 (0.0614)

SORI → SMGO

−0.224 (0.000)

−0.039 (0.427)

0.218 (0.074)

0.257 (0.047)

−0.169 (0.001)

0.556 (0.000)

0.726 (0.000)

−0.107 (0.050)

−0.136 (0.175)

−0.029 (0.729)

SORI → SMEO

0.083 (0.023)

0.478 (0.000)

0.420 (0.000)

−0.059 (0.261)

−0.551 (0.002)

0.418 (0.002)

0.969 (0.000)

0.084 (0.552)

0.475 (0.015)

0.391 (0.000)

SMGO → SMEO

−0.312 (0.000)

−0.452 (0.000)

−0.208 (0.011)

0.244 (0.003)

0.078 (0.587)

−0.417 (0.000)

−0.495 (0.002)

0.529 (0.158)

−0.138 (0.695)

−0.667 (0.003)

SP → SMGO

0.224 (0.000)

−0.052 (0.178)

−0.042 (0.511)

0.010 (0.854)

0.012 (0.638)

−0.015 (0.752)

−0.027 (0.634)

0.206 (0.000)

0.416 (0.023)

0.210 (0.105)

SP → SMEO

0.294 (0.000)

0.229 (0.000)

−0.543 (0.002)

−0.772 (0.000)

−0.139 (0.146)

−0.186 (0.197)

−0.047 (0.687)

−0.154 (0.452)

0.352 (0.084)

0.506 (0.005)

SP x SMGO → SMEO

−0.428 (0.000)

−0.465 (0.000)

−0.676 (0.002)

−0.211 (0.013)

−0.944 (0.000)

−0.402 (0.000)

0.542 (0.001)

0.915 (0.014)

0.598 (0.122)

−0.317 (0.066)

  1. FEE firm environmental ethics, SORI spiritual orientation, SMGO senior management green orientation, SP stakeholder pressure, SME outcomes small and medium-sized enterprise outcomes.
  2. The value in parentheses () represents the p-value.