Fig. 1: Research framework.

This figure outlines the research framework based on the Input-Environment-Output (IEO) model. It shows the hypothesized relationships among transformational leadership, self-efficacy, collaborative learning, and student generic skills, with the degree of internationalization as a moderating variable. Source: “What Works in College? Four Critical Years Revisited,” by A. W. Astin, 1993, p. 5.