Fig. 4: Structural model results.

The figure presents the structural model with path coefficients, indicating the relationships between constructs. Significant paths (e.g., Transformational Leadership → Self-Efficacy, β = 0.472, p < 0.001) and non-significant paths (e.g., Transformational Leadership → Generic Skills, β = 0.077, p > 0.05) are labeled accordingly. The model explains variance in Self-Efficacy, Collaborative Learning, and Generic Skills through key predictors.