Table 1 Summary of statistic.

	Variable assignment, meaning, and units	Mean	S. D.	Min.	Max.
Non-agriculture employment	Non-agriculture employment=1; otherwise=0	0.598	0.490	0	1
Time in non-agriculture employment	Logarithmic labor supply time in non-agriculture employment	3.427	3.749	0	9.030
Number of non-agriculture jobs	Number of non-agriculture jobs	0.653	0.543	0	5
Age	Respondent's age (years)	42.564	12.479	16	65
Gender	Male=1; Female=0	0.522	0.500	0	1
Marriage	Married=1; Unmarried=0	0.855	0.413	0	7
Education	Number of years of schooling	8.366	3.578	0	22
Health	Suffering from a serious chronic illness = 1; not suffering from a serious chronic illness = 0	0.026	0.159	0	1
Minor dependency ratio	Number of minors /working-age population	0.112	0.213	0	4
Elderly dependency ratio	Number of persons aged 60 years and over /working-age population	0.234	0.399	0	6

The following treatment strategy was adopted for the years of education variable: years of education were defined as 0, 6, 9, 12, 12, 15, 16, 19, and 22 years for the samples with no schooling, primary schools, middle school, high school, junior college/vocational high school, college/higher vocational, undergraduate college, master's degree, and doctoral degree, respectively, in the CHFS data. Since the 2017 data did not ask about the presence of a serious chronic illness, the 2015 data were used instead.

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