Table 5 Results of recycling and (re)manufacturing using different battery types.
Factors | Process | NMC111 | NMC532 | NMC622 | NMC811 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recycling | ||||||
Cost ($/kg feedstock) | Pyro | 3.63 | 3.42 | 3.58 | 3.51 | |
Hydro | 3.50 | 3.27 | 3.41 | 3.31 | ||
Profit ($/kg feedstock) | Pyro | −0.57 | −0.68 | −0.61 | −0.66 | |
Hydro | 0.55 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.40 | ||
Energy Use (MJ/kg feedstock) | Pyro | 4.59 | 4.57 | 4.61 | 4.61 | |
Hydro | 23.73 | 22.84 | 22.55 | 21.44 | ||
GHGs (g/kg feedstock) | Pyro | 1224.12 | 1244.91 | 1257.90 | 1290.72 | |
Hydro | 1730.79 | 1669.87 | 1649.42 | 1574.24 | ||
Cell (re)manufacturing | ||||||
Cathode Production Volume (tons/y) | 12013.12 | 11457.09 | 11312.36 | 10640.74 | ||
Cost ($/kg cell) | Pyro | 29.10 | 28.47 | 28.87 | 30.32 | |
Hydro | 24.60 | 24.02 | 24.47 | 24.93 | ||
Virgin | 27.74 | 26.84 | 27.37 | 28.68 | ||
Energy Use (MJ/kg cell) | Pyro | 256.51 | 257.91 | 257.64 | 274.82 | |
Hydro | 266.14 | 267.54 | 267.80 | 277.96 | ||
Virgin | 297.51 | 301.95 | 308.44 | 330.05 | ||
GHGs (g/kg cell) | Pyro | 20,167.43 | 20,339.86 | 20,330.34 | 21,432.83 | |
Hydro | 18,606.58 | 18,739.01 | 18,764.99 | 19,523.07 | ||
Virgin | 20,847.50 | 21,209.73 | 21,648.15 | 22,961.41 | ||
