Table 4 Definitions of the variables used in Eq. (2).
From: Value chain upgrading and seafood exports: lessons from developing countries
Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
Eijt | Seafood export value from country i to country j |
GDP it, GDPjt | GDP (real term) of countries i and j |
Disij | Geographic distance between countries i and j |
Popit, Popjt | Population of countries i and j, respectively |
TAijt | Trade agreements between countries i and j: 0 = no agreements and 1 = having agreements |
RERijt | Exchange rates (real term) between countries i and j |
FCRIt | The global financial crisis: 0 = no crisis and 1 = having the crisis |
COVIDt | The COVID-19 crisis variable: 0 = no crisis and 1 = having the crisis |
CORit | The control of corruption index of country i |
GEFit | The government effectiveness index of country i |
PRODit | Product upgrading of country i |
PROCit and PROCit-1 | Process upgrading of country i |
OFDIit and OFDIit-1 | Outward foreign direct investment of country i, proxy for functional upgrading |
HDIit | Human development index of country i, proxy for social upgrading |
αj | The importer fixed effect |
εijt | The error term |
