Table 5 The impact of value chain upgrading on seafood exports to developed countries.

GDP_it

−1.538

(0.954)

1.801**

(0.616)

5.389***

(0.916)

−0.766

(3.456)

−5.002***

(1.613)

−10.279***

(2.231)

−1.914**

(0.918)

−2.871

(3.470)

GDP_jt

1.778**

(0.792)

−0.071

(0.200)

2.097

(1.330)

−0.783

(1.559)

1.436

(1.018)

−0.354

(2.269)

0.706*

(0.399)

0.885

(1.045)

POP_it

11.792***

(3.547)

3.900

(8.403)

−36.182***

(7.416)

22.480

(15.265)

0.985

(4.423)

5.554

(23.938)

5.840

(4.186)

22.772

(17.377)

POP_jt

1.581

(2.291)

3.047***

(0.470)

3.296

(2.708)

6.095***

(1.881)

−0.795

(1.488)

13.468

(8.247)

0.171

(1.706)

1.851

(1.820)

TA_ijt

0.175

(0.123)

−0.034

(0.063)

−0.268

(0.167)

−0.259***

(0.093)

−0.142**

(0.061)

n.a.

0.043

(0.132)

−0.140**

(0.055)

RER_ijt

0.777***

(0.105)

0.064

(0.072)

1.107***

(0.302)

0.643***

(0.141)

0.197

(0.265)

−5.249***

(1.890)

0.022

(0.127)

0.097

(0.169)

FCRI_t

0.214*

(0.111)

−0.130***

(0.032)

−0.228***

(0.063)

−0.241***

(0.045)

0.297***

(0.079)

0.083

(0.091)

−0.085***

(0.032)

0.076

(0.056)

COVID_t

−1.003***

(0.174)

−0.142**

(0.059)

0.731***

(0.242)

−0.464**

(0.160)

0.130

(0.177)

3.432***

(0.696)

−0.312***

(0.065)

−0.040

(0.94)

COR_it

0.033

(0.318)

0.052

(0.154)

−1.347***

(0.424)

−0.121

(0.107)

−0.863***

(0.135)

0.757***

(0.081)

−0.744**

(0.288)

1.211***

(0.275)

GEF_it

−0.752***

(0.178)

−0.174***

(0.039)

0.357

(0.377)

−0.164

(0.118)

−0.052

(0.217)

−2.284***

(0.805)

−0.715***

(0.089)

−1.594***

(0.359)

PROD_it

0.005***

(0.001)

0.001

(0.001)

0.001***

(0.000)

0.004***

(0.001)

0.007***

(0.001)

0.000

(0.000)

0.007***

(0.001)

0.001

(0.000)

PROC_it

−0.316***

(0.079)

−0.074***

(0.022)

0.156***

(0.042)

0.065

(0.058)

−0.004

(0.010)

0.307***

(0.081)

0.092***

(0.033)

0.057

(0.082)

PROC_it-1

−0.276***

(0.093)

−0.024**

(0.010)

0.049

(0.049)

0.002

(0.033)

−0.085***

(0.016)

0.127***

(0.031)

0.033

(0.046)

−0.147

(0.119)

OFDI_it

0.001

(0.013)

0.023

(0.032)

0.043

(0.073)

−0.026**

(0.012)

0.666***

(0.131)

−0.246***

(0.054)

0.055**

(0.022)

−0.768**

(0.318)

OFDI_it-1

−0.150***

(0.037)

0.017

(0.012)

−0.238

(0.170)

−0.010

(0.012)

−0.035

(0.055)

0.473***

(0.184)

0.019**

(0.008)

0.217*

(0.125)

HDI_it

−0.474

(2.570)

−15.621**

(6.243)

15.136**

(6.165)

−33.959***

(8.427)

22.337**

(7.839)

63.173***

(12.096)

−5.611***

(2.050)

−3.507

(11.606)

Obs.

255

320

283

208

204

188

395

300

\({{\rm{\chi }}}^{2}\)

1.4 x 10⁷***

7885***

2.1 x 10¹⁰***

2.6 x 10¹⁰***

42,883^***

1.8 x 10⁶***

3440***

9798***