Fig. 1

50% majority rule consensus tree of the IE languages (summarized from the sampled trees by Heggarty et al. 2023). Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown near the nodes (not shown for stable branches with P ≥ 0.95). Branch lengths reflect absolute chronology (zero is AD 2000). The tree is also available as vector *.pdf and Newick *.tre (see Supplementary Information online).