Fig. 1: Research framework. | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

Fig. 1: Research framework.

From: Cross-national analysis of social determinants of frailty among middle-aged and older adults: a machine learning study in the USA, England, and China

Fig. 1

a Study population included from the HRS (USA), ELSA (England), and CHARLS (China). b Social determinants of health (SDoH) selected from seven domains. c Frailty index evaluated as the accumulation of age-related health deficits. d Extreme Gradient Boosting model as the machine learning approach. e Shapley Additive exPlanations method to analyze the SDoH associated with frailty from domain- and variable-wise importance, as well as their nonlinear relationships. HRS = Health and Retirement Study, ELSA = English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, CHARLS = China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

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