Table 1 Variables included in the model to estimate the promotion probabilities of applicants.

 Gender

Candidate/Applicant gender (male, female).

 Age

Age of the applicant in the year of the call (respectively at 31 December of 2017, 2019 and 2021). The age is computed in years and months (in decimal fractions) at a reference time of each call.

 Seniority

Seniority at the rank of the applicant at a reference time of each call (at 31 December 2017, 2019 and 2021 respectively). Seniority is computed in years and months (in decimal fractions).

 Publications

Number of applicant’s publications collected from Scopus in the corresponding time window (5 years) for each call, until 2017, 2019 and 2021 respectively. Data were provided by GesBIB, a CSIC internal bibliometric database. The value is presented in fractional counting of author’s publications as a proportion of publications with respect to the total number of authors in each publication.

 Citations

Number of citations received by the applicant’s publications collected from Scopus, in the corresponding time window for each call, until 2017, 2019 and 2021 respectively. Data were provided by GesBIB, an internal bibliometric data set. The value is calculated in fractional counting of author’s publications as a proportion of citations received by his/her publications with respect to the total number of authors included in their publications.

 Normalised impact

The “normalised impact index” indicates the relevance of the author compared to other authors publishing in the same scientific field, according to the Scopus Journals classifications. The value attributed to each researcher is the comparison between he/she owns citations and the average values of citations in the world in each journal classification field. The value, provided by GesBIB, is a normalised impact index updated as of the date of data extraction (March 2023), and the data source (GesBIB) includes normalised impact reports from 2013 onwards.

 Projects

Total number of projects as PI for each applicant in the corresponding time window. Periods for each call were estimated at 31 December, until 2017, 2019 and 2021 respectively.

 Contracts

Total number of research contracts for each applicant. Periods for each call were estimated at 31 December, until 2017, 2019 and 2021 respectively.

 PhD thesis

Total number of granted PhD theses supervised by each applicant for the period 2000–2016.

 Patents

Total number of patents of each applicant as inventor. Periods for each call estimated at December 31, until 2017, 2019 and 2021 respectively.

 Competitive pressure

Level of competition in the specialty. It is estimated as the number applicants for each promotion position granted.

 % Females (on the panel)

Percentage of women on the panel out of the total number of evaluators in every single specialty or competition.

 Same institute evaluator

The applicant affiliation coincides with (at least) one member of evaluation panel from his/her own CSIC institute. A value of 1 is assigned if there is at least one evaluator from the same CSIC institute in the panel evaluating the specialty and otherwise it is listed as 0.

 Same institute panel chair

The applicant affiliation coincides with panel chair from his/her own CSIC institute. A value of 1 is assigned if panel chair in the specialty is from the same CSIC institute and otherwise it is listed as 0.

 Another candidate (same institute)

In the specialty there is more than one candidate from the same institute. Applicants are listed as 1 if there is more than one candidate from the same institute applying to the same specialty and 0 if there is only a single candidate from the same institute (he or she is the only applicant from the institute).

 BIO

Biology and biomedicine

 FOOD

Food science and technology

 MATER

Science and technology of materials

 PHYSIC

Physical science and technology

 CHEM

Chemical science and technology

 AGRO

Agricultural sciences

 HUM & SS

Humanities and social sciences

 NAT.RES

Natural Resources