Fig. 2: Schematic of the two loss functions.

This figure illustrates the implementation of two loss functions: mean-squared error (MSE) and distortion loss incorporating shape and temporal criteria (DILATE). The left side of the figure corresponds to the MSE loss function, which is frequently employed in the training of multistep carbon price forecasting models. Conversely, the right side of the figure depicts the training objective of a novel multistep carbon price forecasting model that utilizes the DILATE loss function.