Table 2 Variable definition.
From: Geopolitical risks and carbon emissions: the mediating effect of industrial structure upgrading
Type of variable | Name | Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
Explained variable | Carbon dioxide emission | CO2 | Regional per capita carbon dioxide emissions.logarithmically treated |
Explanatory variable | Geopolitical risk | GPR | Monthly average data were calculated from Caldara and normalized. |
Threshold variable | Industrial structural upgrading | IDS | Industrial added value / GDP, inversion process. |
Control variable | GDP per capita | GDP | GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. |
Trade openness | TRA | Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of gross domestic product. | |
Natural resources rent | NA | The total of the following rents: oil, natural gas, coal (both hard and soft), mineral, and forest. These rents made up the percentage of GDP. |
