Table 1 Adapted items of the questionnaire.

The attitude

I believe that protecting archeological sites in the Kingdom makes it more attractive as a tourist destination (ATT1).

I believe that protecting archeological sites in the Kingdom enhances the country’s reputation as a tourist destination (ATT2).

Damaging archeological sites in the Kingdom has a negative impact on the flow of tourists to these sites, from my point of view. (ATT3).

I see that the initiatives undertaken by official institutions to protect archeological sites in the Kingdom are successful and necessary for the tourism industry (ATT4).

The subjective norm

My family members, friends, and colleagues ask me to preserve the archeological sites in the Kingdom during my visits (SN1).

“My family, friends, and colleagues often talk about how to protect archeological sites in the Kingdom while visiting them (SN2).

When I visit archeological sites in the Kingdom, I am influenced by my family, friends, and colleagues in reducing pollution and preserving these sites (SN3).

I firmly believe that we must all act responsibly when visiting archeological sites in the Kingdom (SN4).

The planned behavioral control

I can contribute to the preservation of archeological sites in the Kingdom during my visit (BC1).

I have confidence that if I want to preserve the archeological sites in the Kingdom, I can act responsibly while visiting them (BC2).

I have sufficient cultural knowledge to appreciate the importance of archeological sites in the Kingdom and their preservation during my visit (BC3).

I have free time and money to contribute to the preservation of archeological sites in the Kingdom BC4).

Awareness of negative consequences

Dumping waste negatively affects the esthetic value of archeological sites in the Kingdom (AC1).

Capturing artifacts (such as pottery) hinders the collection of archeological information (AC2).

Drilling and staining distort the surface of the archeological site, reducing its value (AC3).

Climbing on ruins causes damage to the archeological site (AC4).

Touching antique sculptures and inscriptions causes them to fade over time (AC5).

The pro-environmental behavioral intention

I will refrain from drawing, writing, or climbing on monuments at archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (BI1).

I will refrain from picking up artifacts from archeological sites in Saudi Arabia (BI2).

I intend to make a great effort and participate in activities aimed at protecting archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (BI3).

I am willing to follow the guidelines for protecting archeological sites in Saudi Arabia (BI4).

I will guide and guide others regarding the importance of protecting archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia while they visit it (BI5).