Table 2 Opacity causal actions and synchronicity among away expedition supporters.

From: “Together in suffering, truly in trouble” – a study of cultural rituals in ultras supporters based on identity fusion theory

Item

5

4

3

2

1

Opacity causal actions:

     

I’ll be traveling away from home as always, even if it doesn’t always bring the team a win.

     

Our away supporters jumped all over the field to cheer on our team, despite the fact that it didn’t necessarily lead to a win.

     

Synchrony:

     

Despite the small number of people at the away end, all members of the organization follow the instructions of the rain leader and agree on a consistent cheering action (e.g., songs, gestures, flags)

     

I’ll be joining the group in displaying a uniform banner in the away stands to make a point.

     
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