Table 7 Robustness test results.
From: The dual-track paradox in social welfare—a layered governance perspective
Method | Model/Subsample | Social Security Index | Gift-Giving Behavior | Government Trust Index | Trust Interpersonal Interaction | Other Controls |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable Replacement | Ordered Logit Model | −0.335*** | 1.551*** | −0.156*** | −0.108** | Full Controls |
Model Extension | Without Education & Region | −0.058*** | 0.174*** | −0.017*** | −0.014*** | Limited Controls |
Model Extension | Adding All Controls | −0.026*** | 0.182*** | −0.016*** | −0.015*** | Full Controls |
Model Extension | Including Region Dummies | −0.026*** | 0.182*** | −0.016*** | −0.015*** | Regional Dummies |
Subsample Analysis | Male Subsample | −0.091*** | 0.170*** | −0.032*** | −0.014** | Gender-Based Split |
Subsample Analysis | Female Subsample | −0.116*** | 0.184*** | −0.021*** | −0.018*** | Gender-Based Split |
Subsample Analysis | Urban Hukou Subsample | −0.077*** | 0.210*** | −0.017*** | −0.020** | Hukou-Based Split |
Subsample Analysis | Rural Hukou Subsample | −0.062*** | 0.169*** | −0.029*** | −0.014*** | Hukou-Based Split |
Alternative Test | Success Rate Subgroups | Low: −0.440***; High: −0.007 | 0.290*** | N/A | N/A | Full Controls |
Interaction Robustness | Government Trust x Social Security | −0.029*** | 0.199*** | N/A | −0.017*** | Full Controls |
Interaction Robustness | Fairness x Social Security | −0.028*** | 0.181*** | −0.016*** | −0.015*** | Full Controls |
Institutional Context | Employment Type (Inside vs. Outside) | −0.034*** | 0.182*** | −0.016*** | −0.015*** | Employment Context Controls |
Interaction Robustness | Trust Interpersonal x Social Security | −0.029*** | 0.199*** | N/A | −0.017*** | Full Controls |
