Table 1 Classification of policy instruments.

From: Hiding behind the curtain: performance information and public officials’ policy instrument preferences in visible and invisible domains

Classification

Policy Instruments

Direct policy instruments

Regulation/Administrative Guidance/Technology Consultant & Education Training/Direct Production of Public Goods/Administrative Special Permissiona

Indirect policy instruments

Information Provision/Subsidy/Charges/Tax Reduction/Outsourcing

  1. aThe UIDP instrument pool includes “Administrative Special Permission,” which does not appear in the studies by Salamon and Elliott (2002) or Song et al. (2017). Despite this, since in the context of Chinese public administration, the government is the sole authorizing body for “Administrative Special Permission,” it is mandatory; thus, we classify it as a direct instrument.
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