Table 1 Construct reliability and convergent validity.

Construct Indicator	Questionnaire items	Outer loading	Cronbach’s alpha	rho-A	Composite reliability	Average variance extracted
Programming self-efficacy	PS1	0.84	0.91	0.91	0.93	0.69
	PS2	0.87
	PS3	0.87
	PS4	0.82
	PS5	0.84
	PS6	0.74
Metacognitive self-regulation	MS1	0.77	0.89	0.89	0.91	0.56
	MS2	0.72
	MS3	0.73
	MS4	0.77
	MS5	0.73
	MS6	0.74
	MS7	0.74
	MS8	0.77
Effort regulation	ER1	0.82	0.86	0.86	0.90	0.70
	ER2	0.85
	ER3	0.84
	ER4	0.84
Computational thinking	CT1	0.87	0.89	0.89	0.92	0.70
	CT2	0.82
	CT3	0.80
	CT4	0.82
	CT5	0.87

PS programming self-efficacy, MS metacognitive self-regulation, ER effort regulation, CT computational thinking.

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