Table 11 Examples involving uninterpretable content.

From: The principle of anticipation in language use

Example number

Example (structural type)

Anticipation; Markers; Interpretation type

(14)

It was rumoured that he was close to eighty years old, but he could easily pass for a healthy sixty. (Multi-clausal sentence)

Counter-anticipation; But; interpretable (Ippolito, Kiss & Williams, 2022)

(15)

It was rumoured that he was close to eighty years old, #and he could easily pass for a healthy sixty. (Multi-clausal sentence)

Pro-anticipation; And; uninterpretable (Traugott, 2022: Ch. 1)

(16)

Similarly, because his grasp of wholes (or the ends of action) is weak, he cannot manage difficult enterprises or undertake great projects. (Multi-clausal sentence)

Pro-anticipation; Because; interpretable (McHugh, 2023)

(17)

Similarly, because his grasp of wholes (or the ends of action) is weak, #he can manage difficult enterprises or undertake great projects. (Multi-clausal sentence)

Pro-anticipation; Because; uninterpretable (McHugh, 2023)

(18)

He doesn’t work much because he doesn’t have to. (Multi-clausal sentence)

Pro-anticipation; Because; interpretable (McHugh, 2023)

(19)

He doesn’t work much #because he has to. (Multi-clausal sentence)

Counter-anticipation; Because; uninterpretable (McHugh, 2023)

  1. We use the “#” symbol to mark uninterpretable sentences. We insert the symbol at the beginning of the clause, causing uninterpretability of the whole sentence. We discuss how we evaluated the (un)interpretability of sentences in Supplementary File A.