Table 8 Estimated results of heterogeneity in city size.
Variables | First-tier | Second-tier | Third-tier | Fourth-tier | Fifth-tier | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effect | Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effect | Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effect | Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effect | Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effect | |
LF | 0.013 (0.009) | 0.048 (0.072) | 0.060 (0.076) | 0.014*** (0.005) | 0.141*** (0.017) | 0.155*** (0.016) | 0.003 (0.004) | −0.0002 (0.016) | 0.003 (0.016) | 0.001 (0.004) | −0.012 (0.040) | −0.011 (0.040) | 0.009*** (0.003) | 0.017 (0.019) | 0.026 (0.019) |
LI | −0.002 (0.003) | 0.002 (0.014) | −0.001 (0.014) | −0.003 (0.002) | −0.026*** (0.010) | −0.028*** (0.010) | −0.001 (0.002) | 0.025*** (0.007) | 0.024*** (0.007) | 0.006*** (0.002) | 0.027 (0.030) | 0.034 (0.030) | 0.008*** (0.002) | −0.001 (0.012) | 0.007 (0.012) |
FD | −0.748*** (0.161) | −1.647 (1.389) | −2.395*** (1.493) | 0.066 (0.079) | 0.540 (0.518) | 0.606 (0.563) | −0.040 (0.042) | 1.149*** (0.350) | 1.109*** (0.362) | −0.028 (0.044) | −0.550 (0.702) | −0.578 (0.718) | 0.207*** (0.051) | 0.795** (0.288) | 1.002*** (0.308) |
ER | −0.015 (0.029) | −0.073 (0.117) | −0.089 (0.123) | 0.021** (0.010) | −0.155*** (0.056) | −0.134** (0.057) | 0.0002 (0.002) | −0.100*** (0.016) | −0.100*** (0.016) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.032** (0.024) | −0.033** (0.024) | −0.0004** (0.0002) | −0.007** (0.004) | −0.008** (0.004) |
UR | 0.002** (0.001) | 0.007 (0.008) | 0.009 (0.009) | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.002 (0.007) | −0.001 (0.007) | −0.002*** (0.001) | −0.024*** (0.006) | −0.026*** (0.006) | −0.003*** (0.0001) | 0.022 (0.024) | 0.019 (0.024) | −0.001 (0.001) | 0.005 (0.011) | −0.004 (0.011) |
FIN | −0.117** (0.052) | −0.344 (0.212) | −0.461 (0.219) | 0.024 (0.024) | 0.428*** (0.149) | 0.452*** (0.147) | −0.0002 (0.015) | 0.557*** (0.079) | 0.556*** (0.079) | −0.042*** (0.010) | 0.164 (0.127) | 0.122 (0.127) | −0.028** (0.013) | 0.325*** (0.080) | 0.297*** (0.079) |
Control variables | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
R2 | 0.955 | 0.955 | 0.955 | 0.967 | 0.967 | 0.967 | 0.946 | 0.946 | 0.946 | 0.927 | 0.927 | 0.927 | 0.912 | 0.912 | 0.912 |
Spatial | 0.067*** (0.176) | 0.067*** (0.176) | 0.067*** (0.176) | −0.122 (0.152) | −0.122 (0.152) | −0.122 (0.152) | −0.216* (0.124) | −0.216* (0.124) | −0.216* (0.124) | 0.287** (0.117) | 0.287** (0.117) | 0.287** (0.117) | −0.450** (0.150) | −0.450** (0.150) | −0.450** (0.150) |
Obs | 285 | 285 | 285 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 1035 | 1035 | 1035 | 1275 | 1275 | 1275 | 1215 | 1215 | 1215 |
