Table 1 PSM Variable descriptions.
Variables | Description | Cronbach’s Alpha |
|---|---|---|
Vector Covariates | ||
gender | 1 = male, 0 = female | |
age | Age of the participants | |
aca_hr | Digital device usage for academic purpose (avg. min/ day) | |
naca_hr | Digital device usage for non-academic purpose (avg. min/ day) | |
Dependent Variables | ||
agency | 5-point Likert Scale | 0.82 |
self-acceptance | 5-point Likert Scale | 0.86 |
goal-directedness | 5-point Likert Scale | 0.91 |
proactivity | 5-point Likert Scale | 0.85 |
interpersonal relation | 5-point Likert Scale | 0.84 |
Treatment Variable | ||
OLE | 1 = students in OLE, 0 = students in offline | |
