Table 2 List of El Niño/warm (7 Events) and La Niña/cold (7 events) that occurred during the study period

From: Real-time ENSO forecast skill evaluated over the last two decades, with focus on the onset of ENSO events

#

Year

Season of onset

Duration from onset to demise

Value of Niño 3.4 index at onset season (°C)

Warm episodes

1

2002

MJJ

9

0.7

2

2004

JJA

8

0.5

3

2006

ASO

5

0.5

4

2009

JJA

9

0.5

5

2014

SON

19

0.5

6

2018

ASO

10

0.5

7

2023

AMJ

12

0.5

Cold episodes

1

2005

OND

5

−0.6

2

2007

MJJ

13

−0.5

3

2008

OND

5

−0.6

4

2010

MJJ

23

−0.7

5

2016

JAS

5

−0.5

6

2017

SON

7

−0.7

7

2020

JAS

30

−0.6

  1. The season of onset, Niño 3.4 index value at the time of onset and duration in the number of seasons are also provided.
  2. The ERSSTv5 data and the 1991 to 2020 normal period is used to compute anomalies.