Fig. 3: GEOS-Chem modeling results.
From: Carbonate radical ion as a key driver of rapid atmospheric sulfate formation
Surface air SO42− concentration simulated by A the model implemented with \({{\rm{CO}}}_{{3}^{.-}}\) oxidation reaction, B the default model, and C the difference between the two simulations for dust event during April. 26–27, 2019; Same for (D–F) but for dust event over May. 23, 2015. Comparison for hourly SO42− concentrations between simulations (blue lines for model with \({{\rm{CO}}}_{{3}^{.-}}\) oxidation and red for default model) and observations (gray bars) at G Zhongnan, H Zhengzhou; I comparison of average SO42− concentrations between the simulation with (green bars) and without (purple bars) \({{\rm{CO}}}_{{3}^{.-}}\) oxidation at the sites mentioned in (J). Observation results and adopted kinetics for GEOS-Chem modeling were detailed in Supplementary Tables S17 and S18.
