Fig. 3: Relative contributions of snowmelt, glacier meltwater, and rainfall in AMF and AMFSp events over a seven-day window.

a, c The relative contributions of snowmelt, glacier meltwater, and rainfall in the SWAT-Glacier model for AMF and AMFSp events, respectively. The lines represent averages from 18 outputs in the SWAT-Glacier model, with shaded areas indicating one standard deviation. b, d These contributions in the degree–day factor model for AMF and AMFSp events, respectively. The lines represent averages from 464 outputs in the degree–day factor model, with shaded areas indicating one standard deviation. The interpretation of Zc is consistent with that in Fig. 2.