Fig. 1: Impact of the AMV on the AO-ENSO connection.
From: Atlantic multidecadal variability controls Arctic-ENSO connection
a 21-year running correlation of the spring (March–April-mean, MA(0)) AO index with the following winter (December–January–February-mean, D(0)JF(1)) Niño3.4 index. The smoothed spring AMV index (bars) is also shown in (a). SLP data used to calculate the AO index are obtained from the HadSLP2, ERA20C, NCEP1, ERA5, and JRA55. SST data used to calculate the Niño3.4 SST index are obtained from the HadISST dataset. Horizontal line in (a) indicates the correlation significant at the 90% confidence level. Scatter diagram of the AMO index against the spring AO-ENSO correlation with a 21-yr moving window obtained from the b HadSLP2, c ERA20C, d NCEP1, e ERA5, and f JRA55. Red lines in (b–f) indicate the best linear fit and gray lines indicate the 95% confidence range of the linear regression. g Correlation coefficient between the spring AO index and the following winter Niño3.4 index during positive and negative phases of the AMV.
