Fig. 4: Changes in temperature variability over Europe and their relation to ENSO.

Leading EOFs of early-winter temperature in NEEU (a, c, e) and SWEU (b, d, f), presented in the form of linear regression maps, together with their respective PCs time-series, for the periods P1 (a, b), P2 (c, d), and P3 (e, f). Only values significant at the 90% confidence level are shown in the EOFs. The percentage of the total variance (fvar) explained by each mode is indicated above the corresponding PC time series. In addition, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and its p-value (pval) between the PC and the ND Niño 3.4 index are displayed in the lower-right box on the PC time series.