Fig. 6: The SMOPI effectively captures large-scale teleconnection patterns associated with Sahelian monsoon rainfall. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 6: The SMOPI effectively captures large-scale teleconnection patterns associated with Sahelian monsoon rainfall.

From: The global Sahel monsoon ocean-pressure index reconciles its regional and large-scale features

Fig. 6

Composite anomalies–defined as dry years (weak SMOPI) minus climatology (first column) and wet years (strong SMOPI) minus climatology (second column)– of global sea surface temperatures are presented for JRA55 (a), ERA5 (b), MPI-ESM1-2-LR (c) and CMIP6 (d). Eight large-scale forcing factors of Sahel monsoon rainfall variability are consistently uncovered across datasets, albeit with varying strength and imprint: the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM), Niño3.4, South Atlantic Ocean Dipole (SAOD), the Atlantic Niño (ATL3), Niño3, Niño4 and Niño1 + 2. The signal of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is also detected, but exclusively in the MPI-ESM1-2-LR model.

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