Table 1 Selected active clinical trials evaluating immunomodulatory agents in gliomas

Oncolytic viruses

NCT03896568

I

Recurrent glioblastoma

MSC-DNX2401

Mesenchymal stem cells loaded with oncolytic adenovirus

USA

NCT02062827

I

Recurrent glioblastoma

M032

Engineered HSV-1 virus expressing IL-12

USA

NCT05084430

I/II

Recurrent glioblastoma

M032 and pembrolizumab

Engineered HSV-1 virus expressing IL-12 and anti-PD1 antibody

USA

NCT03657576

I

Recurrent glioblastoma

C134

Engineered HSV-1 virus

USA

NCT03152318

I

Recurrent glioblastoma

rQNestin34.5 v.2

Engineered HSVI-1 virus and cyclophosphamide

USA

NCT05139056

I

Recurrent glioblastoma

NSC-CRAd-S-pk7

Neural stem cells carrying oncolytic virus

USA

Vaccines

NCT04749641

I

H3.3-K27M mutant DIPG

Neoantigen vaccine therapy

Neoantigen peptide vaccine

China

NCT04943718

I

Recurrent malignant glioma

Peptide vaccine

Personalized peptide vaccine

China

NCT06253234

I

Recurrent malignant glioma

ZSNeo-DC1.1

Dendritic cell vaccine

China

NCT02549833

I

WHO grade II gliomas

GBM6-AD and poly-ICLC

Glioma cell lysate-based vaccine

USA

NCT03893903

I

IDH1 R132H-mutant gliomas

IDH1 R132H peptide vaccine and avelumab

Peptide vaccine and anti-PDL1 antibody

Germany

NCT05283109

I

Newly diagnosed MGMT unmethylated glioblastoma

P30-EPS vaccine

P30-linked EphA2, CMV pp65, and survivin vaccination

USA

NCT05743595

I

Newly diagnosed glioblastoma

Neoantigen vaccine therapy

Neoantigen peptide vaccine with anti-PD1 antibody

USA

NCT04201873

I

Surgically accessible recurrent glioblastoma

Dendritic cell vaccine with pembrolizumab

Dendritic cell vaccine and anti-PD1 antibody

USA

NCT03879512

I/II

Recurrent childhood high grade glioma

Dendritic cell vaccine with ipilimumab and nivolumab

Dendritic cell vaccine and immune checkpoint inhibtiors

Germany

NCT02287428

I

Newly diagnosed glioblastoma

Neoantigen vaccine therapy with radiotherapy and pembrolizumab

Dendritic cell vaccine and immune checkpoint inhibtiors

USA

NCT02649582

I/II

Newly diagnosed glioblastoma

Dendritic cell vaccine with temozolomide

Dendritic cell vaccine with temozolomide

Belgium

NCT03382977

I/II

Recurrent glioblastoma

VBI-1901

CMV-based vaccine

USA

NCT04842513

I

Newly diagnosed glioblastoma

Multi Peptide Vaccination With XS15

Peptide vaccine

Germany

NCT05938387

I

Newly diagnosed MGMT unmethylated glioblastoma

CV09050101

mRNA vaccine

Germany, Belgium, Netherlands

NCT04523688

II

Newly diagnosed glioblastoma

Dendritic cell vaccine

Dendritic cell vaccine loaded with tumor homogeneate

Italy

NCT05685004

II

Newly diagnosed MGMT unmethylated glioblastoma

TVI-Brain-1

Vaccine-enhanced adoptive T cell therapy

USA

NCT04573140

I

Newly diagnosed MGMT unmethylated glioblastoma

RNA-LP vaccine

Vaccine based on RNA-loaded lipid partcles

USA

NCT05557240

I

Newly diagnosed high grade glioma

NeoPep Vaccine and poly-ICLC

Neoantigen peptide vaccine

China

NCT04943848

I

Newly diagnosed DIPG and DMG

rHSC-DIPGVax

Neoantigen peptide vaccine

USA

NCT04808245

I

H3K27M mutant gliomas

H3K27M vaccine

Peptide vaccine

Germany

Antibodies

NCT04922723

I/II

Newly diagnosed glioblastoma

Daratumumab with TMZ and radiation

Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody

USA

NCT04977375

I/II

Recurrent glioblastoma

Pembrolizumab with SRS

Anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody

USA

NCT04656535

I

Recurrent glioblastoma

AB154 with AB122

Anti-TIGIT with anti-PD1 antibodies

USA

NCT05734560

I/II

Newly diagnosed MGMT unmethylated glioblastoma

D2C7-IT and 2131-V11

D2C7 immunotoxin and anti-CD40 agonist antibody

USA

NCT05909618

I/II

Recurrent glioblastoma

Crizanlizumab and nivolumab

Anti-selectin and anti-PD1 antibodies

USA

Peptides

NCT03970447

II/III

Newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma

Several therapeutic arms (AGILE trial), including VT1021

Immunomodulatory peptide

USA

Cellular therapies

NCT06355908

I

Recurrent high grade glioma

IL13Rα2 CAR-T cells

IL13Rα2 CAR-T cells

China

NCT05660369

I

Newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma

CARv3-TEAM-E T cells

Intraventricular EGFR VIII CAR-T cells

USA

NCT04099797

I

GD2-expressing newly diagnosed diffuse midline glioma

C7R-GD2.CART cells

Intraventricular or intravenous GD2 CAR-T cells

USA

NCT04185038

I

Recurrent DIPG and DMG

SCRI-CARB7H3(s)

B7H3-specific CAR-T cells

USA

NCT05768880

I

Recurrent DIPG and DMG

SC-CAR4BRAIN

B7-H3, EGFR806, HER2, and IL13-zetakine CAR-T cells

USA

NCT05577091

I

Recurrent glioblastoma

Tris-CAR-T Cell

truncated IL7Ra modified CAR-T cells

China

NCT06186401

I

Newly diagnosed MGMT unmethylated glioblastoma

E-SYNC T Cells

Anti-EGFRvIII synNotch Receptor Induced Anti-EphA2/IL-13Rα2 CAR-T cells

USA

NCT06157541

I/II

Newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma

CMV-specific T cells and pembrolizumab

CMV-specific T cells and anti-PD1 antibdoy

Australia

NCT05664243

I/II

Newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma

Autologous genetically modified gamma-delta T cells

Autologous genetically modified gamma-delta T cells

USA

NCT05353530

I

Newly diagnosed glioblastoma

8R-70CAR

IL-8 receptor (CXCR2) modified CD70 CAR-T cells

USA

NCT05685004

II

Newly diagnosed MGMT unmethylated glioblastoma

TVI-Brain-1

Autologous vaccine-enhanced ex vivo activated cancer neoantigens-specific T cells

USA