Table 3 Included study sensor types, placement, and surgeon handedness inclusivity
From: Systematic review of machine learning applications using nonoptical motion tracking in surgery
Index | Author | Year | Sensor Types | Sensor Placement | Single /Double-handed | Left-handed (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ahmidi, N72. | 2015 | EM | 1 EM on tool, 1 EM on patient head | Single | – |
2 | Ahmidi, N21. | 2017 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
3 | Albasri, S12. | 2020 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
Accelerometer | 1 accelerometer per wrist | Double | Yes (1) | |||
4 | Allen, B70. | 2010 | EM | 2 EM per laparoscopic arm | Double | – |
5 | van Amsterdam, B63. | 2019 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
6 | van Amsterdam, B45. | 2020 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
7 | van Amsterdam, B22. | 2022 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | – | |||
8 | Anh, N.X55. | 2020 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
9 | Baghdadi, A50. | 2020 | DK, Force | Internal device recordings, 1 force sensor between robotic end-effector and forceps | Single | – |
10 | Baghdadi, A36. | 2023 | Force | Force sensing bipolar forceps | Single | – |
11 | Bissonnette, V46. | 2019 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
12 | Brown, J.D85. | 2017 | Accelerometer, Force | 1 accelerometer per robotic arm, 1 accelerometer on camera arm; 1 force sensor under working surface | Double | Yes (3) |
13 | Brown, K.C32. | 2020 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
14 | Chen, A.B39. | 2021 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
15 | Despinoy, F61. | 2016 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
16 | DiPietro, R14. | 2019 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
Double | No | |||||
17 | Ershad, M76. | 2019 | EM | 1 EM per shoulder, wrist, hand | Double | – |
18 | Fard, M.J64. | 2016 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
19 | Fard, M.J53. | 2018 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
20 | Forestier, G15. | 2018 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
Double | No | |||||
Double | – | |||||
21 | Gao, Y23. | 2016 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No | |||
22 | Goldbraikh, A81. | 2022 | EM | 1 EM per thumb, index, dorsal wrist | Double | No |
23 | Goldbraikh, A24. | 2024 | EM | 1 EM per thumb, index, dorsal wrist | Double | Yes (1) |
EM | 1 EM per thumb, index, dorsal wrist | Double | Yes (6) | |||
DK | Internal device recordings | Double | Yes* | |||
24 | Horeman, T92. | 2012 | Force | 1 force sensor under phantom | Double | No |
25 | Hung, A.J10. | 2019 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
26 | Hung, A.J38. | 2018 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
27 | Hung, A.J68. | 2022 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
28 | Itzkovich, D25. | 2019 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – | |||
29 | Itzkovich, D26. | 2022 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | Yes* |
DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – | |||
DK | Internal device recordings | Double | Yes (-) | |||
30 | Jiang, J73. | 2017 | EM | 1 EM per robotic instrument tip | Double | No |
31 | Jog, A67. | 2011 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
32 | Kelly, J.D40. | 2020 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
33 | Khan, A86. | 2020 | Accelerometer | 1 accelerometer on forceps, 1 accelerometer on needle holder | Double | – |
34 | King, R.C16. | 2009 | Accelerometer, Flex, Bend | Glove: 2 accelerometers on fingers 2-3, 1 accelerometer on fingers 1, 4 and dorsal hand, 1 bend sensor in palm | Single | No |
Single | No | |||||
35 | Korte, C47. | 2021 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
36 | Laverde, R88. | 2018 | IMU (Apple watch) | 1 IMU (Apple watch) per wrist | Double | No |
37 | Lea, C65. | 2016 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
38 | Lee, E.J19. | 2019 | EM, RGB cam. | 1 EM per laparoscopic handle, 1 EM on imaging tip of ultrasound transducer | Double | – |
Double | – | |||||
39 | Li, K51. | 2020 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
40 | Lin, H.C54. | 2006 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
41 | Lin, Z89. | 2011 | IMU | 1 IMU per head, back, upper arms, forearms, hands | Double | No |
42 | Lin, Z87. | 2013 | IMU | 1 IMU per head, back, upper arms, forearms, hands | Double | Yes (2) |
43 | Liu, J34. | 2023 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
44 | Long, Y27. | 2021 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | – | |||
45 | Loukas, C75. | 2013 | EM | 1 EM per laparoscope handle | Double | No |
46 | Loukas, C77. | 2011 | EM | 1 EM per laparoscopic handle | Double | No |
47 | Loukas, C78. | 2013 | EM | 1 EM per laparoscopic handle | Double | No |
48 | Lyman, W.B52. | 2021 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
49 | Megali, G48. | 2006 | DK | Internal device recording | Double | – |
50 | Meißner, C84. | 2014 | RFID, Accelerometer | 1 RFID tag per instrument (9 total), 1 accelerometer per dorsal hand and wrist | Double | No |
51 | Murali, A66. | 2016 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
62 | Nguyen, X.A17. | 2019 | IMU | 1 IMU per dorsal hand | Double | Yes (1) |
DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No | |||
53 | Oquendo, Y.A71. | 2018 | EM, Flex | 1 EM per laparoscopic tool, 1 EM on endoscope lens, 1 flex sensor per laparoscopic handle | Double | No |
54 | Pachtrachai, K30. | 2021 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | No | |||
55 | Peng, W62. | 2019 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
56 | Qin, Y28. | 2020 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | – | |||
57 | Qin, Y29. | 2020 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | – | |||
58 | Reiley, C.E60. | 2010 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
59 | Rocha, C.D31. | 2019 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | – | |||
DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | – | |||
60 | Rosen, J33. | 2001 | Force | 1 force sensor on laparoscope handle, 1 force sensor under surgeon’s thumb | Double | No |
61 | Sabique, P.V35. | 2023 | DK, Force, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings, 1 force sensor on surgical tool holder | Single | – |
62 | Sang, H57. | 2016 | DK, IMU | Internal device recordings, 1 IMU on robotic control manipulator | Single | – |
63 | Sberini, L90. | 2018 | IMU, Flex | Glove: 14 flex sensors on finger joints, 1 IMU on dorsal hand | Single | No |
64 | Sewell, C69. | 2008 | DK | Internal device recordings (simulator) | Double | No |
65 | Shu, X56. | 2021 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
66 | Soangra, R13. | 2022 | EMG, Accelerometer | 1 EMG + accelerometer per bicep brachii, tricep brachii, anterior deltoid, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris, thenar eminence | Double | – |
67 | Song, W80. | 2006 | EM, Force, RGB cam. | 1 EM of sheath of scalpel, 1 force sensor on scalpel handle | Single | – |
68 | Su, H58. | 2019 | DK, Force | Internal device recordings, 1 force sensor at robotic end effector | Single | – |
69 | Sun, Z83. | 2018 | EM | 8 EM arranged around the site | Not applicable | – |
70 | Tatinati, S95. | 2015 | Accelerometer, IR cam. | IR stylus, 3 accelerometers on tremor compensation instrument | Single | – |
71 | Tatinati, S94. | 2017 | Accelerometer, IR cam. | IR stylus, 4 accelerometers on tremor compensation instrument | Single | – |
72 | Topalli, D49. | 2019 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
73 | Uemura, M41. | 2018 | EM | 1 EM per laparoscopic tool tip | Double | – |
74 | Wang, Z.H43. | 2018 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
75 | Wang, Z44. | 2018 | DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
76 | Wang, Z82. | 2022 | EM | 1 EM per instrument tip | Double | – |
77 | Watson, R.A91. | 2014 | IMU | 1 IMU on dorsal right hand | Single | No |
78 | Xu, J93. | 2023 | Force | 1 force sensor on thumb | Single | No |
79 | Xu, W79. | 2017 | EM | 1 EM on manipulator tip | Single | – |
80 | Zhang, D20. | 2020 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
DK | Internal device recordings | Double | No | |||
81 | Zhao, H59. | 2018 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | No |
82 | Zheng, Y74. | 2022 | EM | 1 EM per laparoscopic handle | Double | Yes (1) |
83 | Zia, A37. | 2019 | DK, RGB cam. | Internal device recordings | Double | – |
84 | Zia, A18. | 2018 | Accelerometer, RBG cam. | Knot tying: 1 accelerometer per dorsal wrist | Double | – |
Suturing: 1 accelerometer on dominant wrist, 1 accelerometer on needle holder | Single | – |
