Fig. 4: Measurement fame voltage change ratio and real component trends with bladder volume.
From: Digital twin driven electrode optimization for wearable bladder monitoring via bioimpedance
For all subsections, the VCR is with respect to a residual bladder volume of 10 mL and with outliers removed. a–c Observations of absolute real voltage and VCR across a range of bladder volumes (injection current 50 kHz). Additional single excitation frequency graphs can be found in Supplementary Figs. 1 to 5. d Frequency response of absolute real voltage and VCR.
