Fig. 2: Data distribution and retinal age prediction in the Healthy Cohort and the Healthy Female Cohort.

A comprehensive overview of participant demographics and the performance assessment of retinal age prediction in the Healthy Cohort and Healthy Female Cohort. a Distribution of male and female participants across different age groups in the Healthy Cohort, with females represented in red and males in teal. b A scatter plot illustrating the relationship between age and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels within the Healthy Female Cohort, stratified into three groups based on AMH levels: high (cyan), medium (purple), and low (yellow). c Scatterplots showing the correlation between retinal age and chronological age in the Healthy Cohort, where data points are color-coded based on the retinal age gap, with larger gaps shown in red and smaller gaps in blue. d Bland–Altman plots illustrating the agreement between retinal age and chronological age in the Healthy Cohort, with similar color-coding based on retinal age gap. e Scatterplots displaying the correlation between retinal age and chronological age in the Healthy Female Cohort, with data points color-coded according to the retinal age gap (red for larger gaps and blue for smaller gaps). f Bland–Altman plots depicting the agreement between retinal age and chronological age in the Healthy Female Cohort, with the same color scheme based on retinal age gap.