Table 2 Description of the number of different image modalities in the included datasets and their corresponding purpose of dataset creation

Photographs

228,993

Diagnosis of gingivitis, detection of multiple oral hard and soft tissue conditions, segmentation of the tongue, classification of oral cancer, segmentation of dental plaque, segmentation of teeth, etc.

Panoramic radiographs

125,975

Segmentation of teeth, detection of multiple dental conditions, detection of alveolar bone loss, segmentation of caries, segmentation of the mandible, detection of dental implants, etc.

Histopathological images

29,390

Assessment of lingual papillae patterns, classification of oral cancer cells, differentiation between oral squamous cell carcinoma and leukoplakia, classification of various nucleus, segmentation and classification of oral epithelial dysplasia, etc.

Periapical radiographs

28,199

Classification of endodontic and periodontal diseases, segmentation of caries, detection and segmentation of periapical lesions, etc.

Intraoral, head and face scan/images

20,850

Classification of the severity of craniosynostosis, automated design of complete denture metal base, localization of anatomical landmarks, localization and labelling of teeth, etc.

CBCT

709

Segmentation of teeth, dental radiology education, generation of volumetric meshes, segmentation of the mandibular canal, etc.

Others including model scans/images, micro-CT, MRI, mid-sagittal CBCT views, cephalometric radiographs, and intraoral videos

3522

Segmentation of speech MR images, detection of cephalometric landmarks, enhancement and segmentation of intraoral videos, etc.