Fig. 5: Electrochemical performance and product analysis of CO2.
a, Stability of full-cell voltage over time across a range of current densities from −100 mA cm−2 to −1.1 A cm−2. b, FEs for different products at specified current densities. c, Partial current densities for C3 products (allyl alcohol, 1-propanol and propionaldehyde) plotted against total applied current density. d, Selectivity comparison for C1–4, C2 and C3+ products relative to CO2 reduction at different current densities. e, Conversion rate of CO2 into C1–C4 products at varying current densities. f, Comparison of full-cell voltage under no iR correction conditions across different studies including this work, for various current densities. Cal-Cu, cation-augmenting layer modified copper. g, FE of C3+ products against total current density in comparison to other studies. h, Product yield function against electrode area, demonstrating the scalability of the methodology in this work and other studies (detailed in Supplementary Table 4). The FE values are means, and error bars represent the s.d. from three independent measurements (n = 3).
