Fig. 1: Patients with higher circulating TMAO exhibited a higher risk of AKI after CPB.

a Serum TMAO levels of AKI and non-AKI patients at baseline (before the surgery). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ***P < 0.001 (Student’s t-test). non-AKI group, n = 18; AKI group, n = 9. b Pearson correlation analysis of serum TMAO level and increased serum creatinine on Day 1 after surgery, r = 0.6521, P = 0.0002. c Pearson correlation analysis of serum TMAO level and decreased creatinine clearance after surgery, r = 0.4609, P = 0.0155. d Pearson correlation analysis of serum TMAO level and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate after surgery, r = 0.4571, P = 0.0165. △ Creatinine, increased serum creatinine after surgery; △ Ccr, decreased creatinine clearance; △ eGFR, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate after surgery.