Fig. 1: Overview and behavioral performance of motor learning task across the experimental conditions.
A Overview of the de novo motor learning task. Participants learned to control a cursor by moving their right fingers with combinations of adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension. Their goal was to reach a target on a 5 × 5 grid as quickly as possible and stay on the target until the next target was turned on. Two visual feedback conditions, continuous feedback (CF) and binary feedback (BF) conditions, were alternated across blocks, each consisting of 12 trials. Participants could see both cursor movement and a target in the continuous feedback condition, whereas cursor movement was hidden in the binary feedback condition. B Learning curves for CF and BF conditions. The increase in success rate implies that participants reached the targets more quickly and stayed on them longer. Participants performed better with the CF condition. The shaded areas represent the standard error of the mean. C Averaged success rates of the first and the last runs for both conditions. Success rates significantly increased in both conditions, implying they also learned the mapping in the binary feedback condition. The level of significance was represented by asterisks as follows. ***p < 0.001, ****p < 10−4. The error bars in (B) and (C) represent one standard error. Red and blue dots in (B) and (C) represent individual data for corresponding conditions.
